"Everyone wants me helpless." Duster Review

More than three years ago, I supported a comic book Kickstarter for the first time; last week, the product finally arrived. It certainly took its sweet time, but here at last is the graphic novel Duster!

The book is written by Micah Wright and Jay Lender and drawn by Jok, with that spiffy cover you see by (of course) Howard Victor Chaykin. I became interested in the project in 2012 because it was being championed by creators such as Kurt Busiek and - being inexperienced with crowdfunded projects - I felt that established creators deserved my funding to see their self-published comics come to life. In particular, although I had never read any of Micah Wright's comics, I vaguely recalled skimming past Bleeding Cool's expose of his having lied about his military career. This was the first comic book I had seen Wright's name on since that scandal so I suppose I gravitated to this project because the idea of seeing Wright redeemed would be compelling, even if the comic book weren't. As Wright appeared to be someone whom the comic book industry had abandoned, it made perfect sense to see his name on a Kickstarter project. The delay from when the books were mailed out to its arrival in my mailbox was much greater than usual, to the point where I wondered if I had been forgotten. The book finally arrived with something I had never seen before:

Canada Customs stopped the parcel at the border! Boy, align yourself with Micah Wright and the world conspires against you! (seriously, is he on a watchlist?)

Duster concerns one Jo Baker, a single mother and crop duster living in a small Texan town near the end of World War II. Just as Germany has surrendered in Europe, a plane full of Nazis who have cut a deal with the USA are headed over Texas airspace, en route to safety in South America. Unfortunately for everyone, they encounter Jo's plane and this results first in an aerial attack, a farmhouse raid, a town held hostage and finally a showdown in a wool processing plant.

Duster is a thick book, the main story running about 220 pages. Considering many Kickstarter comic book projects aim to deliver perhaps 20 pages of original content, Duster definitely falls on the heavy end of the scale, which helps mitigate the lengthy production time. However, the story is broken up into six chapters which are each comparable in length to that of a monthly comic book - despite this book being a first-time publication, not a collected serial! Likely, this is because Duster is also being sold broken up into its chapters as a set of digital comics.

I've never seen the work of artist Jok before; he's well-suited to this tale and its quick-paced action. He also does a terrific job of desining distinctive characters, both amongst the townsfolk who populate the background and the Nazis, so that even characters who aren't identified by name become familiar and demonstrate quirks.

The plot is fairly pedestrian, usually ramping itself up to an action scene, then building a ramp to the next such moment. The story is mostly notable because of the strong female protagonist (yes, that's why Greg Rucka likes it), the wartime setting and the flashes of humour throughout the tale - occasionally rather grim humour, such as a memorable death scene in the wool processing plant.

The only note in this book which struck me the wrong way came from the introduction, written by Martin Olson: "This should be a movie. Make Duster into a film, dammit. I want to see it. Badly." Once again it hits open my pet peeve about film and comics - that comics are seemingly incomplete as a work of art without a film - that the process of reading words for yourself and choosing how to interpret the page is better left to cameramen and sound mixers - that a labour of love created by a mere handful of folks is inferior to that of a major motion picture's hundreds of staff members. Where do we see this attitude but in comics? Who listens to a radio program and thinks, "Now adapt it as a painting!" Or watches television and remarks, "I can't wait for the magazine!" I beg you, my readers - don't be that guy. The medium of comic book art is sufficiently capable of telling stories intended for the medium of comic book art. End. Of. Rant. (for now)

I no longer support every Kickstarter run by a personality whom I merely recognize - I'd be broke if I kept that up! Nowadays I'm much more choosy in terms of who and what I support - plus, I prefer the digital option over print 'cause my shelves really don't need any more crowding. Regardless, Duster is a good package - a page-turner in the tradition of classic comics. It may not be more sophisticated than a 1930s comic (the crowdfunding aspect is perhaps the most notable thing about it), but the Strong Female Protagonist should help it find an audience with contemporary readers.

Rest in Peace Jay Scott Pike

One so seldom hears from the artists who comprised the stable of talent in the days of Atlas (Marvel Comics' 1950s publishing name) that you could almost think they had all passed away - until, unfortunately, you hear of their passing. While some such as Colan and Severin worked up until the end of their lives, most Atlas artists have enjoyed their well-earned golden years.

Earlier this month we lost Jay Scott Pike, a veteran of the 1950s Atlas Comics. He's probably best-remembered for his work on Marvel's jungle heroines such as Jann of the Jungle and Lorna the Jungle Girl, but had real versatility, illustrating tales of spies, cowboys, horror and romance. What could readers have possibly seen in his work, hm? Hm? Hmmm.

What's that? Oh, yes, I'm obliged to mention he also created Dolphin for DC Comics, but probably his most overall renowned work is on the many pin-ups he drew & painted across the decades. They been republished in book format (above) and an image search on his name will bring up many (NSFW) results.

RIP Jay Scott Pike. You were one of the best.

If you admire still-living Atlas artists such as Russ Heath or Allen Bellman don't put off telling them so. Even notorious recluse Steve Ditko is still known to answer the occasional letter. Heck, don't put off telling any artist how you feel about their work. I don't regret telling Ron Lim how much I liked his Captain America; I don't regret telling Mark Waid how little I liked his Captain America either.

"...They were willing to weather horrible fates over decades for incremental gains." Storms at Sea review

The book publisher Flesk has turned out a few books which sit in my library: their collection of Al Williamson's Flash Gordon comic books & strips; their collection of Mark Schultz's Xenozoic comics; and Bruce Timm's art book Naughty and Nice (timid review here). Recently, they released another Mark Schultz product, Storms at Sea. Another comic book product?

No. Storms at Sea is a something like a picture book for adults. It tells a single 75 page story with Schultz's beautiful black & white illustrations on the left-hand pages and the accompanying story printed in neat type on the right-hand pages.

In this story, a man named Griff walks in on a murdered scientist and a beautiful woman, Asha. Asha proceeds to explain the scientist's death by crafting a yarn about a secret society who discovered a forbidden island of monsters and harnessed its secret power, using it to even conquer the stars.

The story makes no bones about its references, at one stage very clearly introducing the plot of King Kong as one of the secret society's actions. It's a mash-up of Jules Verne, H. Rider Haggard, Edgar Rice Burroughs and H.P. Lovecraft: secret societies, giant monsters, lost civilizations, arcane rites, fantastic elements and predictions of the Earth's destruction.

I mentioned Flesk's other publications at the outset because this seems very much like their other products - not only because of Schultz, but because Storms at Sea feels very much like an art book. It feels as though Schultz had an art file of very interesting pictures which Flesk wanted to publish; rather than simply making an art book, Schultz threw in a framing sequence and text story which would join these images together. Thus, there are pages of giant monsters, lost fantasy lands, science fiction explorations and end of the world destruction all fused together by this plot. However this came to be, I don't care - I like Schultz's art and I like Schultz's stories. It's not entirely satisfying as a novel as it's mostly exposition (needed to tie the images together) and has no conclusion, but as an art book with bonus material, it's very good. Approach it as such.

"God only wants strong soldiers to fight for him." War Brothers review

Media - especially fiction - tends to warp our perception of Africa. I don't believe I ever received a formal education on the African continent; I don't recall ever learning about African politics, African geography, African history or African current events. At the time of my first trip to the continent, I had read precisely one book about Africa: Ishmael Beah's Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier. Since that time I've become much more attuned to Africa; besides having made 5 trips in 4 years to 6 different nations, I've read a lot of African history and can even speak knowledgeably about current events in several nations or discusses problems various nations are facing. Considering my love of reading came largely from my affection to comic books, I've naturally been keeping an eye out for comic books about Africa.

Although thus far I haven't read anything which was actually written/drawn by an African, I have at least read several which are about Africa; such a book is War Brothers: the Graphic Novel by my fellow Canadians Sharone E. McKay and Daniel LaFrance, a 2013 Annick Press adaptation of McKay's 2008 novel War Brothers. It's a fictional account of child soldiers in Uganda, but drawn from actual events.

The novel concerns four boys - Jacob, Tony, Paul & Norman - who are kidnapped from their school by the rebellious Lord's Resistance Army of Joseph Kony and made to join his forces in the Sudan. While Tony is quickly made into a soldier, the other boys are used for manual labour. Separated from Tony, the remaining three boys vows to stay together; they soon make cautious alliances with the rebel cook Oteka and an earless girl named Hannah.

The depiction of how normal children become soldiers seems at par with what I've learned about the subject in both Beah's book and Romeo Dallaire's They Fight Like Soldiers, They Die Like Children. It seems unfortunate to me that after Tony is forced to help murder one boy, he is thereafter inscrutable. The other boys endure hardships, but Tony is the only one who truly becomes a child soldier and I feel his perspective would have helped heighten the trauma the cast endures; instead, the changes in Tony are observed from a distance by the other boys.

The book also shies away from depicting the worst violence on-panel (likely so that the book wouldn't be drummed out of school libraries). Terrible things do happen in this tale, but because of the books I'd already read on the subject my reaction largely went: "oh, they're fortunate." Of course, even after the boys finally escape the rebels and try to return to their lives, there's still quite a bit of story to tell - the reassimilation is not easy and even though most of the boys did nothing wrong, people assume the worst.

Artist Daniel Lafrance does a commendable job on the cast of characters, imbuing the children with expressions of innocence, terror and trauma. When the character Oteka finally appeared out of fatigues near the end of the book, I was actually surprised to realize he was a teenager, barely older than the others - the costuming seemed to add years to his appearance and the shedding of the military outfit restored his youthfulness.

In a postscript the author remarks, "We can realize a world without child soldiers." She first told this tale in 2008. By 2012, when social media lit up over "Kony 2012," Kony remained in power. By the arrival of the 2013 graphic novel, the situation still hadn't changed. And as I write this in 2015... well, we have to continue hoping and praying for change.

Music to My Ears: 50 Likeable Film Soundtracks

Until I met my friend Craig, I didn't give film soundtracks much consideration. Obviously, I had grown up enjoying film scores; appreciating how they enhanced the stories told by motion pictures; making that discovery which (I believe) every young person does that "gee, those John Williams movies sure sound a lot alike." I also grew up in a musical family and would watch many musicals; to this day, my family members will occasionally burst into a number from Camelot or Oliver!. But whether the film scores contained lyrics or not, some scores were etched into my permanent memory at a young age because I truly loved the films in which they were heard. That, to me, was the epitome of a great film score: an excellent movie which also has excellent music.

Then I befriended Craig and discovered he was a film score enthusiast. Craig certainly enjoys a good movie all the more if the score is up to snuff, but he is quite capable of separating the two experiences. Ergo, to Craig it didn't matter if Wing Commander stank, what mattered was the film score sounded terrific. Craig, I learned, would collect film scores based on their composers. He might purchase a film score to a movie he outright disliked; he might purchase film scores to pictures he hadn't seen, nor had any intent of ever seeing. Craig has helped me to judge film scores on their own merits and on the careers of the composers. I still prefer listening to scores of films I've seen - and liked! - but a good score is a good score.

To that end, here is a list of 50 film scores which I rather like, starting from my favourite. Much of my criteria is based on how well the score supports the picture, but some scores are so much better than their accompanying films that they truly stand apart.

1. The Dark Knight by Hans Zimmer & James Newton Howard
2. Tron: Legacy by Daft Punk
3. Avatar by James Horner
4. Glory by James Horner
5. Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan by James Horner
6. The Third Man by Anton Karas
7. The Adventures of Robin Hood by Erich Wolfgang Korngold
8. Vertigo by Bernard Herrmann
9. Psycho by Bernard Herrmann
10. How to Train Your Dragon by John Powell
11. The Sea Hawk by Erich Wolfgang Korngold
12. Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country by Cliff Eidelman
13. The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Rings by Howard Shore
14. The Empire Strikes Back by John Williams
15. Star Wars by John Williams
16. Rocky by Bill Conti
17. Star Trek: First Contact by Jerry Goldsmith
18. North by Northwest by Bernard Herrmann
19. Mad Max: Fury Road by Junkie XL
20. X2: X-Men United by John Ottman
21. Raiders of the Lost Ark by John Williams
22. Return of the Jedi by John Williams
23. Star Trek: The Motion Picture by Jerry Goldsmith
24. Serenity by David Herman
25. Dark City by Trevor Jones
26. The Great Dictator by Charles Chaplin
27. The Thin Blue Line by Philip Glass
28. The Mission by Ennio Morricone
29. Aliens by James Horner
30. Planet of the Apes by Jerry Goldsmith
31. Hellboy by Marco Beltrami
32. The Avengers by Alan Silvestri
33. Die Hard by Michael Kamen
34. Superman by John Williams
35. The Great Escape by Elmer Bernstein
36. The Thing by Ennio Morricone
37. Skyfall by Thomas Newman
38. Captain Blood by Erich Wolfgang Korngold
39. Casablanca by Max Steiner
40. Tombstone by Bruce Broughton
41. Conan the Barbarian by Basil Poledouris
42. Being There by Johnny Mandel
43. Pete Kelly's Blues by David Buttolph & Ray Heindorf
44. Godzilla: King of the Monsters by Akira Ifukube
45. Terminator 2: Judgement Day by Brad Fiedel
46. Bullitt by Lalo Schifrin
47. The Untouchables by Ennio Morricone
48. Casino Royale by David Arnold
49. Patriot Games by James Horner
50. The Matrix Reloaded by Don Davis

Mr. Monster on Kickstarter!

He's been super; he's been duper; now he's going to be collected!

A Kickstarter project has begun to bring yet another 1940s Canadian hero back into print; this time, it's Doc Stearne, alias Mr. Monster! This is yet another rare opportunity to feast one's eyes on seldom-seen Canadian comics, so I certainly encourage all interested peoples to follow my lead and support the project!

Creator credits for Daredevil (season 1)

Having just seen all of Daredevil season 1, it must be time for me to compile another list of which comic book creators were responsible for which elements seen on the program. However, I'm not as confident about my research this time as Daredevil is one corner of the Marvel Universe which I've always been a little lacking in. And yet, I'm one of the credited authors of the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe: Daredevil 2004! Therefore, your corrections are more welcome this time than any previous list.

Stan Lee: co-creator of Matt Murdock, a lawyer who also fights crime as Daredevil by using his superhuman sensory powers; Murdock blinded as a child while saving a man from a truck carrying radioactive waste; billy club as Daredevil's primary weapon; Murdock as son of the boxer Battling Murdock, who rasied him alone and wanted him to gain a superior education; the elder Murdock dying after crossing a crooked boxing promoter and refusing to lose a fixed fight; Fogwell's Gym as Murdock's training place; Murdock partnered with his college friend Franklin "Foggy" Nelson at Nelson & Murdock law firm; Karen Page as Murdock & Nelson's secretary and object of affection to both men; Daredevil as a "man without fear" (Daredevil #1, 1964); of Daredevil's ability to detect lies; of the Owl, a criminal financeer who wears a green suit and battles Daredevil (Daredevil #3, 1964); of Daredevil's red costume; of Daredevil's gimmick billy club (Daredevil #7, 1965); of the Kingpin of Crime, a mob boss who organizes the disparate underworld elements under his leadership from the heart of Manhattan (Amazing Spider-Man #50, 1967); of "Crusher" Creel (Journey into Mystery #114, 1965); of Murdock using the alias "Mike" (Daredevil #25, 1967); of the silver-haired mobster Silvio (Amazing Spider-Man #73, 1969); of the Kingpin's wife, Vanessa (Amazing Spider-Man #69, 1969); of the super hero Iron Man (Tales of Suspense #39, 1963); of the super hero Thor (Journey into Mystery #83, 1962); of Gladiator, a costume designer who makes a Daredevil costume and fights Daredevil with a saw weapon (Daredevil #18, 1966); of the Stilt-Man (Daredevil #8, 1965)

Frank Miller: creator of Wilson Fisk's name; of Wilson Fisk as Daredevil's primary enemy; of Fisk spending time in Asia (Daredevil #170, 1981); of Columbia Law as Nelson & Murdock's college; of Matt dating a Greek woman in college (Daredevil #168, 1981); of Stick, Matt's mentor (Daredevil #176, 1981); of Stick training Matt how to use his powers; of Urich working against Fisk; of Randolph Cherryh, a politician who works with Fisk (Daredevil #177, 1981); of Stone, a member of Stick's order and their war against the Hand ninja clan (Daredevil #188, 1982); of the Hand, a clan of evil ninjas who battle Daredevil (Daredevil #174, 1981); co-creator of Murdock wearing black costume while operating as anonymous vigilante (Daredevil: The Man Without Fear #2, 1993); of Rigoletto, mob boss who preceded Wilson Fisk (Daredevil: The Man Without Fear #3, 1993); of Josie's Bar, a dive bar in Hell's Kitchen tended by the titular Josie (Daredevil #160, 1979); of Turk as a recurring foe of Daredevil (Daredevil #159, 1979); of Ben Urich's wife Doris (Daredevil #163, 1980); of Murdock wearing stubble in both of his identities (Daredevil #228, 1986); of Jack Murdock's name; of Roscoe Sweeney's last name; of Hell's Kitchen as Matt Murdock's childhood borough; of Urich becoming an ally of Daredevil (Daredevil #164); of Wilson Fisk controlling the police (Daredevil #227, 1986); of Matt Murdock's mother still being alive (Daredevil #230, 1986); of Melvin Potter's name; of Melvin's lady friend Betsy; of Melvin's mental problems (Daredevil #166, 1980)

Bill Everett: co-creator of Matt Murdock, a lawyer who also fights crime as Daredevil by using his superhuman sensory powers; Murdock blinded as a child while saving a man from a truck carrying radioactive waste; billy club as Daredevil's primary weapon; Murdock as son of the boxer Battling Murdock, who rasied him alone and wanted him to gain a superior education; the elder Murdock dying after crossing a crooked boxing promoter and refusing to lose a fixed fight; Fogwell's Gym as Murdock's training place; Murdock partnered with his college friend Franklin "Foggy" Nelson at Nelson & Murdock law firm; Karen Page as Murdock & Nelson's secretary and object of affection to both men; Daredevil as a "man without fear" (Daredevil #1, 1964)

Roger McKenzie: co-creator of Josie's Bar, a dive bar in Hell's Kitchen tended by the titular Josie (Daredevil #160, 1979); of Turk as a recurring foe of Daredevil (Daredevil #159, 1979); of Ben Urich, an aging reporter with a relentless dedication to the truth (Daredevil #153, 1978); of Ben Urich's wife Doris (Daredevil #163, 1980); of Jack Murdock's name; of Roscoe Sweeney's last name; of Hell's Kitchen as Matt Murdock's childhood borough; of Urich becoming an ally of Daredevil (Daredevil #164); of Melvin Potter's name; of Melvin's lady friend Betsy; of Melvin's mental problems (Daredevil #166, 1980)

Gene Colan: co-creator of Turk Barrett, a gangster who fights Daredevil (Daredevil #69, 1970); of Murdock using the alias "Mike" (Daredevil #25, 1967); of Ben Urich, an aging reporter with a relentless dedication to the truth (Daredevil #153, 1978); of Gladiator, a costume designer who makes a Daredevil costume and fights Daredevil with a saw weapon (Daredevil #18, 1966)

John Romita: co-creator of the Kingpin of Crime, a mob boss who organizes the disparate underworld elements under his leadership from the heart of Manhattan (Amazing Spider-Man #50, 1967); of the silver-haired mobster Silvio (Amazing Spider-Man #73, 1969); of the Kingpin's wife, Vanessa (Amazing Spider-Man #69, 1969)

John Romita, Jr.: co-creator of Murdock wearing black costume while operating as anonymous vigilante (Daredevil: The Man Without Fear #2, 1993); of Rigoletto, mob boss who preceded Wilson Fisk (Daredevil: The Man Without Fear #3, 1993); of Matt Murdock going to regular confession (Daredevil #267, 1989)

Alex Maleev: creator of image of Daredevil on newspaper (Daredevil #60, 2004); co-creator of Night Nurse, a medic who treats wounded super heroes such as Daredevil (Daredevil #58, 2004); of Silke, a gangster (Daredevil #26, 2001); of Daredevil battling the Yakuza (Daredevil #56, 2004)

Jack Kirby: co-creator of "Crusher" Creel (Journey into Mystery #114, 1965); of the super hero Iron Man (Tales of Suspense #39, 1963); of the super hero Thor (Journey into Mystery #83, 1962); of the super hero Captain America (Captain America Comics #1, 1941)

Roy Thomas: co-creator of Turk Barrett, a gangster who fights Daredevil (Daredevil #69, 1970); of Cornelius Van Lunt (Avengers #77, 1970); of Cornelius Van Lunt's astrology (Avengers #72, 1970); of Van Lunt as real estate mogul (Avengers #80, 1970)

David Mazzucchelli: co-creator of Murdock wearing stubble in both of his identities (Daredevil #228, 1986); of Wilson Fisk controlling the police (Daredevil #227, 1986); of Matt Murdock's mother still being alive (Daredevil #230, 1986)

Brian Michael Bendis: co-creator of Night Nurse, a medic who treats wounded super heroes such as Daredevil (Daredevil #58, 2004); of Silke, a gangster (Daredevil #26, 2001); of Daredevil battling the Yakuza (Daredevil #56, 2004)

D.G. Chichester: co-creator of Fisk committing murder during his childhood; of Daredevil bringing down Fisk's criminal empire (Daredevil #300, 1992); of Daredevil wearing body armor (Daredevil #322, 1993)

Mark Gruenwald: creator of Leland Owsley's name (Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe #8, 1983); of Roscoe Sweeney's first name (Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe Deluxe Edition #3, 1986)

Joe Orlando: co-creator of Daredevil's ability to detect lies; of the Owl, a criminal financeer who wears a green suit and battles Daredevil (Daredevil #3, 1964)

Lee Weeks: co-creator of Fisk committing murder during his childhood; of Daredevil bringing down Fisk's criminal empire (Daredevil #300, 1992)

Wally Wood: co-creator of Daredevil's red costume; of Daredevil's gimmick billy club (Daredevil #7, 1965); of the Stilt-Man (Daredevil #8, 1965)

Larry Lieber: co-creator of the super hero Iron Man (Tales of Suspense #39, 1963); of the super hero Thor (Journey into Mystery #83, 1962)

Sal Buscema: co-creator of Roxxon Energy (Captain America #180, 1974); of Cornelius Van Lunt's astrology (Avengers #72, 1970)

John Buscema: co-creator of Cornelius Van Lunt (Avengers #77, 1970); of Van Lunt as real estate mogul (Avengers #80, 1970)

Jeph Loeb: co-creator of "Crusher" Creel as a boxer who fought Battling Murdock (Daredevil: Yellow #1, 2001)

Tim Sale: co-creator of "Crusher" Creel as a boxer who fought Battling Murdock (Daredevil: Yellow #1, 2001)

Jim Shooter: co-creator of Hell's Kitchen as locale patroled by Daredevil (Daredevil #148, 1977)

J.M. DeMatteis: co-creator of Foggy Nelson learning Murdock is Daredevil (Daredevil #347, 1995)

Gil Kane: co-creator of Hell's Kitchen as locale patroled by Daredevil (Daredevil #148, 1977)

Ron Wagner: co-creator of Foggy Nelson learning Murdock is Daredevil (Daredevil #347, 1995)

Kevin Smith: co-creator of Matt Murdock wearing red-tinted sunglasses (Daredevil #1, 1998)

Joe Quesada: co-creator of Matt Murdock wearing red-tinted sunglasses (Daredevil #1, 1998)

Ann Nocenti: co-creator of Matt Murdock going to regular confession (Daredevil #267, 1989)

Joe Simon: co-creator of the super hero Captain America (Captain America Comics #1, 1941)

Scott McDaniel: co-creator of Daredevil wearing body armor (Daredevil #322, 1993)

Tony Isabella: co-creator of Matt Murdock's Catholicism (Daredevil #119, 1975)

Don Heck: co-creator of the super hero Iron Man (Tales of Suspense #39, 1963)

Chris Claremont: co-creator of the Steel Serpent brand (Iron Fist #14, 1977)

Bob Brown: co-creator of Matt Murdock's Catholicism (Daredevil #119, 1975)

Steve Englehart: co-creator of Roxxon Energy (Captain America #180, 1974)

John Byrne: co-creator of the Steel Serpent brand (Iron Fist #14, 1977)

Archie Goodwin: co-creator of Claire Temple (Hero for Hire #2, 1972

George Tuska: co-creator of Claire Temple (Hero for Hire #2, 1972)

Richard Starkings: creator of Daredevil logo (Daredevil #1, 1998)

Win Mortimer: co-creator of Night Nurse (Night Nurse #1, 1972)

Jean Thomas: co-creator of Night Nurse (Night Nurse #1, 1972)